The key exponent of the modern idea of the nation-state was the German G. National awakening also grew out of an intellectual reaction to the Enlightenment that emphasized national identity and developed an authentic view of cultural self-expression through nationhood. Top left: Le Pacte, Top right: Le Prologue, Bottom left: Le Triomphe, Bottom right: Le Marché La République universelle démocratique et sociale, painted by Frédéric Sorrieu in 1848. Romania is a special case, formed by the unification of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and later gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Poland were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman or Russian Empires. Some countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments. American political science professor Leon Baradat has argued that “nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state – a nation-state – to support those interests.” Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. The rise of nationalism in Europe was stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848
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